sorghum. Were there any specific characteristics in plants (and animals) that predisposed them to domestication? Botanists, evolutionists, and archeologists alike have long debated the origins and domestication of cultivated sorghum. bicolor' refers to all wild, weedy, and cultivated forms of Sorghum bicolor.The focus of this document is domesticated sorghum, however Sudan grass, sorghum × Sudan grass hybrids, and other cultivated sorghums are also considered. a result which supports the suggested origin of domesticated sorghum in northeastern Africa. There are many species of sorghum, the most popular being Sorghum bicolor, which is native to Africa. Glen P. Fox, in Beer in Health and Disease Prevention, 2009. In this document, 'domesticated sorghum' refers to S. bicolor subsp. When, where, and how many times did domestication take place? These four wild races are classified under S. bicolor subsp. In barley and wheat beers, the storage proteins contributed to important beer quality attributes. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. The leaves are broad and coarse, with dimensions measuring 5 cm and 0.75 m in breadth and length respectively. J. African Hist.3: 229–233. Previously 571 cultivars were recognized. Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrids and Sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor) Origin: Northeast Africa. DISTRIBUTION AND DOMESTICATION' J. M. J. Many economically important traits, viz. Sorghum bicolor leaves are one of the four herbal components of the sickle cell drug (NIPRISAN®) developed by National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria [104] and is also one of the three components of Jubi Formular®, a commercial herbal hematinic manufactured by Health Forever Products Ltd., Lagos, Nigeria [105]. Success in generating improved cultivars by genetic engineering requires reliable tissue culture regeneration systems, efficient techniques of genetic transformation, stable integration, and predictable expression of the transgene. Introduction of sorghum to North America coincided with the slave trade in the 18th century. Sorghum bicolor is a major staple crop grown in semiarid regions due to its drought tolerance, which makes it a good candidate for biofortification. It spread to India by 4000 years ago and later to China and to southern Africa by about 1500 years ago. Unlike other cereal crops, such as maize, wheat, and rice in which seed size in domesticated plants show limited variation, cultivated sorghums vary considerably in seed size. Sorghum bicolor subsp. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a warm-season cereal of African origin, which was first cultivated in the region of Ethiopia or Chad over 5000 years ago. To prevent crossing of cultivated sorghums with Johnsongrass use It is rich in carbohydrates, contains micronutrients, and is rich in insoluble fiber. Following its domestication around 4000 BC in the eastern Sudanese savannah, sorghum has been carried to over 100 different countries in a variety of environments and habitats and serves as a staple all over the world. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Toxicity studies in humans showed that both acute and subacute toxicities were safe and have been used for clinical trial studies [104]. Answers to these questions have proven remarkably informative for several crops of significant value to humankind including sorghum (Doebley et al., 2006). Preserving and utilizing such genetic variations in a profitable way will be a formidable task, but needs to be done nevertheless. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Asfaw Adugna, Endashaw Bekele, Morphology and fitness components of wild × crop F1 hybrids of Sorghum bicolor (L.) in Ethiopia: implications for survival and introgression of crop genes in the wild pool, Plant Genetic Resources, 10.1017/S1479262113000129, 11, 03, (196-205), (2013). bicolor contains all the cultivated sorghums. Sorghum is a genomic resource-rich crop and its increasing use will guide breeders to develop targeted populations/cultivars with specific adaptation. Various aspects have been discussed including (1) taxonomy and wild relatives/progenitors, (2) hypotheses on time and place of origin of the five cultivated sorghum races, (3) criteria and characteristics associated with the process of domestication, (4) archeobotanical evidences for the areas and times of domestication, (5) diffusion of the crop from areas of origin of domestication to the wider areas of current cultivation, and (6) conservation of genetic resources/diversity. The grain is a major food in most of Africa, Asia, and Central America, while it is an important animal feed in the Americas and Australia. Erect, 4 to 8 feet tall, leafy. wild cane. 1936, Harry Nelson Vinall, Joseph Charlworth Stephens, John Holmes Martin, Identification, History, and Distribution of Common Sorghum Varieties, US Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a high-yielding, nutrient-use efficient, and drought tolerant crop that can be cultivated on over 80 per cent of the world’s agricultural land. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is indigenous to Africa and is a member of the grass family Poaceae and has high morphological variations … Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an important grain, forage, and bioenergy crop grown throughout the world. Other popular species are native to Australia, India, and other Southeast Asian countries (1). Originating in Africa, they have since been introduced to various tropical and subtropical parts of the world. From: Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019, D. Balakrishna, ... B. Venkatesh Bhat, in Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019. Sorghum spread throughout Africa, and along the way, adapted to a wide range of environments from the highlands of Ethiopia to the semi-arid Sahel. (1970) described the various groups of cultivated sorghum and identified their historical geographic distribution. W.L. Moench.) However, sorghum is not immune to abiotic and biotic stresses but has potential to yield under unexpected weather conditions. Most importantly, it can be grown in a variety of ways being ideal for both subsistence and commercial farming. What wild species and populations were ancestral to specific crops? Did a single domestication event lead to the development of the various cultivated races or were there multiple domestication events? These variations may be partly attributed to the widespread coexistence with its wild relatives in the center of origin. Warth (1937) was of the opinion that it was originated in India and Africa. bicolor) is derived from the cultivated strain, and is found in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Vermont. Globally, Argentina, Ethiopia India, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States are the major sorghum-producing countries. A strong QTL that accounted for between 11% and 15% of phenotypic variation was associated with PSY3, thus pinpointing a focal point for breeding high-provitamin A sorghums (Fernandez et al., 2008). Rooney, in Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), 2016. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a native African grass that was utilized for thousands of years by prehistoric peoples, and emerged as one of the … This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Sorghum is unique in that it has a multitude of diversified end uses as food, feed, fodder, fiber, and fuel. Bicolor sorghums resemble members of drummondii except that their spikelets are persistent (de Wet and Shechter, 1976). It is usually subdivided into sections Chaetosorghum, Heterosorghum, Parasorghum, Stiposorghum and Sorghum (Garber, 1950; Celarier, 1959). A subspecies of sorghum, shattercane (Sorghum bicolor ssp. The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at Nabta Playa, near the Egyptian-Sudanese border, dated 8,000 B.C. One species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated in Africa and has since spread throughout the globe. Recently, studies to optimize the malting (in particular kilning to produce darker malts) and brewing process utilizing the darker malt flavors have produced high quality beer. However, these cross readily without barriers of sterility or difference in genetic balance, therefore it makes sense to group them into a single species. The Origin and Domestication of Sorghum bicolor J. M. J. Piper. The origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in Northeastern Africa. A cereal, Sorghum bicolor (syn. Other types of speciality sorghums are listed on www.nap.edu/catalog/2305/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-i-grains. Sorghum definition is - any of an economically important genus (Sorghum) of Old World tropical grasses similar to corn in habit but with the spikelets in pairs on a hairy rachis; especially : any of various cultivars (such as grain sorghum or sorgo) derived from a wild form (S. bicolor synonym S. vulgare). Sorghum vulgare) the grains of which are used to make flour and as cattle feed. However, for sorghum the structure of the storage proteins differs somewhat to barley and wheat in that sorghum has lower levels of proline and there are no reported toxic protein sequences. Anthropological evidence suggests that hunter-gatherers were exceedingly familiar with wild forms of sorghum as early as 8000 BC (Smith and Frederiksen, 2000). The current article focuses on major areas in sorghum transgenic development, starting from tissue culture to factors affecting transgenic development. This process is believed to have begun about 10,000–12,000 years ago. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081018798000073, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081018798000024, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000182000182, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864796000056, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128020005000058, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123944375001984, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005293000013, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123849472006371, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123738912000560, Breeding Sorghum for Diverse End Uses, 2019, Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation in Sorghum bicolor, D. Balakrishna, ... B. Venkatesh Bhat, in, Origin, Domestication and Diffusion of Sorghum bicolor, Safe African Medicinal Plants for Clinical Studies, Theophine Chinwuba Okoye, ... Emeka K. Okereke, in, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, Biosynthesis of Vitamins in Plants Part A, Abby J. Cuttriss, ... Barry J. Pogson, in, Genetic and Genomic Resources for Grain Cereals Improvement, THE PRODUCTION AND GENETICS OF FOOD GRAINS, Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), Introduction to cereals and pseudocereals and their production, Kent's Technology of Cereals (Fifth Edition), www.nap.edu/catalog/2305/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-i-grains. Theophine Chinwuba Okoye, ... Emeka K. Okereke, in Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, 2014. High quality if harvested at immature stage. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is the world's fifth most important cereal after maize, rice, wheat, and barley. HISTORY OF SORGHUM. It spread to India by 4000 years ago and later to China and to southern Africa by about 1500 years ago. The seeds of broomcorn are borne on the ends of long straight branches. Alternative uses include beer, alcohol, and syrup production. Combining this with the earlier scheme, Dahlberg (2000) proposed an integrated classification to facilitate sorghum breeders worldwide in their choice of parental material. Kurt A. Rosentrater, A.D. Evers, in Kent's Technology of Cereals (Fifth Edition), 2018. The origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in northeastern Africa. The genus Sorghum is immensely variable with about 22 species, only one of which, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, contributes to the wide range of cultivated sorghums. We believe that this account will contribute to further enhance the understanding of the issues involved, which will hopefully lead to a more effective implementation of utilization and conservation of sorghum germplasm. Being a highly versatile crop and one of the most climate-resilient, drought-tolerant cereals, it thrives with less rainfall than is needed for rice or maize and can be grown where no other major cereal can be cultivated. Why were some species more amenable to domestication and others not? Sorghum Facts and Health Benefits Sorghum commonly known as broom corn, great millet, durra, jowari and milo is a large grain plant native to Northern Africa which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions these days. Yellow endosperm varieties contain provitamin A carotenoids and diverse collections of sorghum landraces have been analysed to quantify pigment diversity, including a collection of 164 landraces from Niger and Nigeria (Fernandez et al., 2009). Within this context, overall grain quality is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. 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